67-84

• Lalioti, Varvara

Στις αρχές του 2016, η Ιταλία παρέμενε μία από τις ελάχιστες χώρες της Ευρωζώνης που δεν διέθετε ελάχιστο εγγυημένο εισόδημα σε εθνικό επίπεδο. Εν μέσω της κρίσης και των σημαντικών περικοπών στις δημόσιες δαπάνες, πρόκειται για μείζονα έλλειψη του ιταλικού κράτους προνοίας. Αξιοποιώντας την επικοινωνία με πρόσωπα που έπαιξαν καίριο ρόλο στην ιταλική εμπειρία με το ελάχιστο εγγυημένο εισόδημα, κοινοβουλευτικά αρχεία και δευτερεύουσες πηγές, το παρόν 2 άρθρο εξιστορεί την εν λόγω εμπειρία. Χρησιμοποιείται μία προσέγγιση που δίνει έμφαση στον ρόλο σημαντικών για τη διαμόρφωση κοινωνικής πολιτικής εγχώριων φορέων, όπως είναι τα πολιτικά κόμματα, τα εργατικά συνδικάτα και οι θρησκευτικές οργανώσεις. Η ανάλυση επικεντρώνεται ειδικότερα στον πειραματισμό με το ελάχιστο εγγυημένο εισόδημα σε εθνικό επίπεδο στην Ιταλία, στα τέλη της δεκαετίας 1990 και τις αρχές της δεκαετίας 2000. Το πείραμα οδηγήθηκε σε ένα άδοξο τέλος. Η αιτία πρέπει να αναζητηθεί στην ισχνή υποστήριξη για το ελάχιστο εγγυημένο εισόδημα, σε συνδυασμό με την κυριαρχία υπέρ της βόρειας Ιταλίας συμφερόντων στο υπουργείο που ήταν υπεύθυνο για τον σχεδιασμό και την υλοποίηση ενός μέτρου που ευνοούσε κυρίως τον φτωχότερο νότο. Πολιτικές που στοχεύουν σε άτομα που βρίσκονται στα περιθώρια του κοινωνικού και πολιτικού συστήματος μπορούν να στεφθούν με επιτυχία μόνον υπό την προϋπόθεση ευρείας συναίνεσης. Η πρόσφατη οικονομική κρίση αναζωπύρωσε τη συζήτηση για το ελάχιστο εγγυημένο εισόδημα στην Ιταλία, με νέους και παλαιούς φορείς να εκδηλώνουν το ενδιαφέρον τους για μία εθνικής εμβέλειας εφαρμογή.

• Social Sciences

• Κοινωνικές επιστήμες

guaranteed minimum income, Italy, actor-centred approach, ελάχιστο εγγυημένο εισόδημα, Ιταλία, προσέγγιση που εστιάζει στους κύριους διαμορφωτές κοινωνικής πολιτικής

1. Arachi, Al. 2002. “Controlli nelle case e ispettori in fabbrica. Così si può prevenire.” Corriere della Sera, June 9.Benassi, D., and En. Mingione. 2003. “Testing the ‘Reddito Minimo di Inserimento’ in the Italian Welfare System.” In Minimum Income Schemes in Europe, edited by G. Standing, 105–156. Geneva: ILO.Bossi, Um. and D. Vimercati. 1993. La rivoluzione. La Lega: storie e idee. Milano: Sperling & Kupfer.Bull, An. 1994. “Regionalism in Italy.” In Regionalism in Europe. Regional Aspirations in the Europe of the 1990s, edited by P. Wagstaff, 68–83. Oxford: Intellect.Bull, M. and G. Pasquino. 2007. “A Long Quest in Vain: Institutional Reforms in Italy.” West European Politics 30(4): 670 –691.Camera dei Deputati. 1997a. Discussione di legge finanziaria (A.C. 4355). December 9.Camera dei Deputati. 1997b. Discussione di legge finanziaria (A.C. 4355). December 10.Caritas Italiana. 2013. Rapporto 2012 sulla povertà e l’esclusione sociale in Italia. I Ripartenti. Povertà chroniche e inedite. Percorsi di risalita nella stagione della crisi. Roma: Caritas Italiana.Carpo, S. 1997. Proposal of Reform of the Welfare State. European Industrial Relations Observatory On–Line. March 28.Chianura, C. 1999. “Turco: Rispetto per il Papa ma no alle interferenze.” La Repubblica, November 1.Commissione per l’analisi delle compatibilità macroeconomiche della spesa sociale. 1997. Relazione finale. Roma: Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri.Esposito, M.. 1998. “Arriva l’assegno di povertà – Sussidio di 500mila lire al mese.” La Repubblica, May 1.Fargion, V. 2005. From the Southern to the Northern Question: Territorial and Social Politics in Italy. In The Territorial Politics of Welfare, edited by N. McEwen and L. Moreno, 127–147. London: Routledge.Ferrera, M. 2003. “European Integration and National Social Citizenship.” Comparative Political Studies 36(6): 611–652.Foschi, P. 2011. “Il piano della Fornero: ‘Nuovo’ articolo 18 e reddito minimo.” Corriere della Sera, December 12.Fuccillo, R. 2004. “Povertà, aiuti agli immigrati.” La Repubblica, January 29.Gold, Th. 2003. The Lega Nord and Contemporary Politics in Italy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Greene, M. 2003. “Right-Wing Movements in the EU: A Case-Study of the Austrian Freedom Party and the Lega Nord.” In The Dollfuss/Schuschnigg Era in Austria: A Reassessment, edited by G. Bischof, An. Pelinka, and Al. Lassner, 187–211. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.Guerra, M. C. and St. Toso. 2004. “Il nome non fa il reddito.” La Voce, May 6.Huber, Ev. and J. Stephens. 2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.IRS, Fondazione Zancan, and CLES. 2001. Valutazione della sperimentazione dell’instituto del reddito minimo di inserimento: principali risultati e indicazioni di svillupo. Unpublished Manuscript.Kazepov, Y. 2011. “L’assistenza sociale in Italia nel confronto Europeo: Tra residualità, innovazione e un futuro incerto.” In Il Welfare in Italia, edited by Ug. Ascoli, 103–145. Bologna: Il Mulino.Lalioti, V. 2013. Social Assistance Outcomes in Southern Europe: An Actor-Centred Approach. Doctoral Thesis, University of Oxford.Lupoli, An. 1997. “Treu contro il minimo vitale. Dato a tutti è metadone.” La Repubblica, March 2.Madama, Il., M. Jessoula, and M. Natili. 2014. “Minimum Income: The Italian Trajectory–One, No One and One Hundred Thousand Minimum Income Schemes.” Working Paper–LPF n. 1. Torino: Centro Einaudi.Magni, V. and Al. Sala. 2000. “Rapinata a ceffoni da una baby gang.” Corriere della Sera, March 21.Maino, Fr. and St. Neri. 2012. “Explaining Welfare Reforms in Italy between Economy and Politics: External Constraints and Endogenous Dynamics.” In The Times They Are Changing?: Crisis and the Welfare State, edited by B. Greve, 117–136. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.Maroni, R. 2002. “Maroni, niente assistenzialismo per la crisi dell’auto.” La Repubblica, October 16.Matsaganis, M. 2013. “The Guaranteed Minimum Income and its Role in Dealing with the New Social Issue.” In Guaranteed Minimum Income: Approaches and Proposals in View of the Pilot Implementation of the Scheme, edited by the National Institute of Labour and Human Resources, 10–27. Athens: National Institute of Labour and Human Resources [in Greek].Mingione, En., M. Oberti, and J. Pereirinha. 2002. “Cities as Local Systems.” In Social Assistance Dynamics in Europe, edited by C. Saraceno, 35–79. Bristol: Policy Press.Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze. 2004. Relazione generale sulla situazione economica del paese–2003. Roma: Instituto poligrafico e zecca dello stato.Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze. 2006. Documento di programmazione economico–finanziaria. Roma: Ministero dell’economia e delle finanze.Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali. 2001. Piano nazionale per l’ inclusione. Roma: Ministero del lavoro e delle politiche sociali.Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali. 2002. Patto per l’Italia, Roma.Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali. 2003a. Libro bianco sul welfare: Proposte per una società dinamica e solidale. Roma.Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali. 2003b. Piano di azione nazionale contro la povertà e l’esclusione sociale 2003–2005, Roma.Ministero della Solidarietà Sociale. 2007. Relazione al Parlamento. Attuazione della sperimentazione del reddito minimo di inserimento e risultati conseguiti. Roma: Direzione generale per la gestione del fondo nazionale per le politiche sociali e monitoraggio della spesa sociale.Monti, P. and M. Pellizzari. 2008. “Implementing a Guaranteed Minimum Income in Italy: An Empirical Analysis of Costs and Political Feasibility.” Paper presented at ESPAnet-Italia, Ancona, November 6–8.Petrini, R. 2002. “Gli enti locali contro la manovra. A rischio i servizi ai cittadini.” La Repubblica, December 5.Pulignano, V. 2003. “Union Struggle and the Crisis of Industrial Relations in Italy.” Capital & Class 79: 1–7.Putnam, R., R. Leonardi, and R. Nanetti. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Ranci Ortigosa, Em. 2007a. “La riforma del welfare. Dieci anni dopo la Commissione Onofri. Il reddito minimo di inserimento.” ASTRID-Fondazione Ermanno Gorrieri-IRS, pp. 1–16.Ranci Ortigosa, Em. 2007b. “I poveri, chi li rappresenta?.” Prospettive Sociali e Sanitarie 12: 1–2.Sacchi, St. 2006. “Che fine ha fatto il reddito minimo di inserimento?.” Il Mulino 5: 870–880.Sacchi, St. 2007. “L’esperienza del reddito minimo di inserimento.” In Povertà e benessere. Una geographia delle disuguaglianze in Italia, edited by An. Brandolini and Ch. Saraceno, 423–448. Bologna: Il Mulino.Sacchi, St. and Fr. Bastagli 2005. “Italy-Striving Uphill But Stopping Halfway. The Troubled Journey of the Experimental Minimum Insertion Income.” In Welfare State Reform in Southern Europe. Fighting Poverty and Social Exclusion in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece, edited by M. Ferrera, 84–140. London: Routledge/EUI Studies in the Political Economy of Welfare.Sala, Al. 2000. “Orfani dell’industria a rischio povertà.” Corriere della Sera, March 1.Sestito, P. 2004. “Se il reddito è di ultima istanza.” La Voce, May 6.Sestito, P. and V. Nigro. 2004. “La sensibilità alle regole di accesso della spesa Aggregata e della Composizione dei beneficiari nel sostegno al reddito di ultima istanza: alcune valutazioni.” Mimeo.Strati, F. 2009. Italy. Minimum Income Schemes. A Study of National Policies (on behalf of the European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities). Brussels.Vis, B., K. van Kersbergen, and Th. Hylands. 2012. “To What Extent Did the Financial Crisis Intensify the Pressure to Reform the Welfare State?.” In The Times They Are Changing?: Crisis and the Welfare State, edited by B. Greve, 7–22. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.