115-138

• El-Khouri, Lamia

This paper presents the late Roman fine pottery assemblages that have been discovered in summer 2011 at Gadara (Umm Qais) in northern Jordan. Four groups of fine red-slipped pottery could be recognized according to their wares and main shapes: The Phocaean Red Slip Wares (LRC), the Cypriot Red Slip Wares (LRD), the African Red Slip Wares (ARS), and the Egyptian Red Slip Wares (ERS). This paper is focused on studying these four groups according to their main characters, types, numbers, and the most frequently occurring types. It is also focused on clarifying the trade relations and export between the city of Gadara, during the Roman and Byzantine periods, and the remote production centers of the fine Roman pottery. This study exposed that some types of fine pottery at Gadara were more common than other types; it also demonstrated the existence of new forms of fine pottery.

• History and Archaeology

• Αρχαιολογία

late Roman pottery, fine red-slip pottery, Gadara (Umm Qais), Phocaean Red Slip Wares (LRC), Cypriot Red Slip Wares (LRD), African Red Slip Wares (ARS)

Περιέχει 13 εικόνες και 4 πίνακες.

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(1933) The American excavations in the Athenian Agora, first report: The Roman and Byzantine pottery. Hesperia 2: 279-328.Waagé, F. O. (1948) Antioch-on-the-Orontes 4, 1. Princeton N. J.Watson, P. (1991) Jerash bowls Byzantine decorated fine ware from Jordan. PhD dissertation, University of Sydney.Williams, C. (1989) Anemurium, the Roman and early Byzantine pottery. Subsidia Mediaevalia 16. Toronto.Williams, C. (2009) Egyptian Red Slip pottery at Aila. MA Thesis, North Carolina State University.ANCIENT SOURCESPliny the Elder. Historia Naturalis. Joyce Irene Whalley, Giuliano Amadei. National Art Library. Great Britain. Sidgwick and Jackson, 1982.i Roman pottery includes early and late Roman types, while Late Roman pottery as it is mentioned in the studies of J. Hayes and other scholars indicates the Byzantine pottery.ii Personal communication from Prof. Thomas Weberiii The report of excavation is under preparationiv Produced in the northern coast of the black seav Named after Sagalassos, located in the southwestern region of Turkeyvi The fabric and technique of LRC are continuation of the Pergamon/Çandarli Terra Sigillata tradition (Hayes 1997: 62).vii Syria as a products center of LRC was suggested as well by Mackensen (1984: 42).viii A group of Cypriot red-slip wares was found in Perge (Pamphylia) in southern coast of Turkey (Firat 2000: 35-38). Perge vessels could be differentiated from other “Cypriot Red Slip” wares, especially the collection, that was published by Hayes in 1972 (1972), by surface treatment, ware, firing, and forms of the ware (Firat 2000: 35-38).ix Chemical analysis of “Cypriot Red Slip” wares from Kourion (south shores of Cyprus) and Nea Paphos (western Cyprus) (Daszkiewicz and Schneider 1996: 139-43) helped in separating the “Cypriot Sigillata” from the “Cypriot Red Slip” wares.x According to this study a number of pottery workshops that produced different types of ARS wares could be allocated in northern and central Tunisia. For location of those centers, refer to (Mackensen 2009, Fig. 1)xi The early examples were imitation of the African Red Slip wares, but developed in different shapes after 420 AD. The most common shapes are deep dishes or shallow bowls with upright projecting rim. Rims were often decorated with rouletting broad bands of three or more rows impressed with an implement of teeth (Hayes 1997: 64).xii For more information about manufacturing and distribution of the LRC, refer to (Hayes 1972: 323-324)xiii The ware was common in Antioch but not as much as LRC (Waagé 1948: 52). It is described by Waagé (1948: 52) as: “hard and pure body, without the grainy quality of LRC, mostly matt slip, not glossy, the clay is either brown covered with red-brown slip, or purplish brown clay covered with similar colored slip.xiv This new form shows a thickened vertical rim, close in shape to the rims of Hayes Form 9, but neither sharply in-turned nor grooved”.xv This form showed a large variant of different sizes bowls, of which rim diameter ranges from 16 to 38 cm, characterized by in-turned rim, slightly curving body, high ring-foot, and coarse rouletting decoration covers the whole exterior body, and occasionally the inner side of the vessel (Firat 2000: 37).xvi A description of the sub types were mentioned briefly in (Mackensen and Schneider 2002: 121)xvii Refer to (Mackensen and Schneider 2002:128)xviii For more information about clay description and manufacture of ARSW, refer to (Hayes 1972: 13, 14, 423).xix The local Nile Valley clay, a poor quality clay of loose texture, unusually lightweight, and often very flaky, of pinkish or orange-red color, containing fine black and quartz particles, gold mica flakes and some large red particles (Hayes 1972: 397).xx Sometimes the slip is more thickly applied on the interior surface, of a slightly deeper shade. The exteriors of rims are discolored as in LRC, turning either purplish or creamy white. Exterior surfaces are uneven, with rough spatula-marks visible (Hayes 1972: 387-397).xxi Deep purplish-red core, and gold mica specks present in the clay,xxii Contains lime, quartz and various dark grits, with very little mica. Air holes are common in section, with abraded appearance (Hayes 1972: 399).xxiii Similar objects of LRC wares were uncovered in many sites in the region, such as Beth-Shean (Johnson 2006: 542, 543, 551), Ashkelon (Johnson 2008: 63-72), Beirut (Reynolds 2011: 207-230), and other sites in northern Palestine (Kuhnen 1989: 87-89).xxiv The most common shapes were flat-based dishes (bowls), some bearing a simple stamped cross at the center (Hayes 1972: 424; 1997: 64). This type is best seen on the Palestinian and Nile Delta sites (Hayes 1997: 64).xxv Similar objects were found in nearby sites like Beth-Shean (Johnson 2006: 543, 544, 551), Ashkelon (Johnson 2008: 53-61), Beirut (Reynolds 2011: 207-230), and a number of sites in northern Palestine (Kuhnen 1989: 90-92).xxvi Similar examples of our group are seen in many nearby sites: Beth-Shean (Johnson 2006: 542), Ashkelon (Johnson 2008: 41-51), Beirut (Reynolds 2011: 207-230), sites in northern Palestine (Kuhnen 1989: 83-87), and other sites.xxvii More information about the production centers is mentioned previously in this paper, and a full study is published recently by Mackensen and Schneider (2002: 125-130)xxviii As attested in recent Aila (Aqaba, south Jordan) excavations and pottery assemblage analysis of ERS ware.xxix Aila is an exception, as the import of ERS started in the 3rd century AD, due to its close distance to Egypt and the intensive trade.xxx Other single sherds of ERS were also found in sites in Jordan and Palestine: Caesarea (Riley 1975: 25-39; Arnon 2008: 85-91), Jerusalem (Magness 1993: 127).