278-303

• Behr, Michael
• Becker, Martina

Experiencing, appraising and dealing with emotions reinforce mental health and interpersonal skills. The study (N =772) reports the development of a multidimensional test for the experience, evaluation and regulation of emotions. Based on the person-centred theory of personality and on concepts of emotional intelligence, seven construct-related factors of a preliminary study were replicated: bodily experience, overwhelming emotions, imagination, self-control, congruence, lack of emotions, and regulation of emotions. The seven scales, with a total of 42 items, show a satisfactory reliability and validity. Psychotherapy patients are emotionally more unbalanced than the random sample and women are more emotional than men. Overwhelming emotions and the regulation of one's own emotions proved to be more related to disorders than the theory suggests. The test could be useful for clinical and social psychological research, in practice during the initial phase of counselling and psychotherapy, and for outcome verification.

• Psychology

• Emotions
• Psychology, Applied
• Personality
• Statistics

client-centred psychotherapy, counselling, emotion, emotional intelligence, personality

Περιέχει πίνακες και βιβλιογραφία, Special issue: Current issues in person-centred counselling

1. Austenfeld, J., & Stanton, A. (2004). Coping through emotional approach: A new look atemotion, coping, and health-related outcomes. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1335-1363.Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1998). Carl Rogers' Helping System. London: Sage.Behr, M. (2009). Constructing emotions and accommodating schemas: A model of selfexploration,symbolization, and development. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies,8(1), 44-62.Behr, M., & Becker, M. (2002). Congruence and experiencing emotions: Self-report scales for theperson-centered and experiential theory of personality. In J. Watson, R. Goldman, & M.Warner (Eds.), Client-centered and experiential psychotherapy in the 21st century: Advances intheory, research and practice (pp. 150-167). Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.Behr, M., & Becker, M. (2004). Skalen zum Erleben von Emotionen SEE [Scales for experiencingemotions]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.Behr, M., Doubek, N., & Holl, S. (2002). Authentizität als Einheit von Erfahrung, Selbstkonzeptund Echt-Sein am Beispiel von unterrichtenden Lehrern [Authenticity as union ofexperience, self concept and being real by teachers in action.]. Person, 6(2), 60-70.Borkenau, P., & Ostendorf, F. (1993). NEO-Fünf-Faktoren Inventar (NEO-FFI) [NEO fivefactor inventory]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.Busby, D. M., Crane, D. R., Larson, J. H., & Christensen, C. (1995). A revision of the DyadicAdjustment Scale for use with distressed and nondistressed couples: Construct hierarchyand multidimensional scales. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 21(3), 289-308.Cartwright, D., DeBruin, J., & Berg, S. (1991). Some scales for assessing personality based onCarl Rogers' theory: Further evidence of validity. Personality and Individual Differences,12(2), 151-156.Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) andNEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional Manual. Odessa, FL: PsychologicalAssessment Resources.Coyne, J. C., & Racioppo, M. W. (2000). Never the twain shall meet? Closing the gapbetween coping research and clinical intervention research. American Psychologist, 55,655-664.Deusinger, I. M. (1986). Die Frankfurter Selbstkonzeptskalen (FSKN) [The Frankfurt selfconcept scales]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.Fahrenberg, J., Hampel, R., & Selg, H. (1989). Das Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar. FPI.Revidierte Fassung [The Freiburg personality inventory FPI, revised version]. Göttingen,Germany: Hogrefe.Franke, G. H. (2000). BSI. Brief Symptom Inventory von L. R. Derogatis (Kurzform der SCL-90-R) - Deutsche Version. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.Gardner, H. (1991). Abschied vom IQ: die Rahmentheorie der vielfachen Intelligenzen [Framesof mind: the theory of multiple intelligences]. Stuttgart, Germany: Klett.Gendlin, E. T. (1978). Focusing. New York: Everest House.Gendlin, E. T. (1996). Focusing-oriented psychotherapy. New York: Guilford.Greenberg, L. S. (1993). Emotion and change processes in psychotherapy. In M. Lewis & J.M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 499-508). New York: Guilford Press.Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Integrating an emotion-focused approach to treatment intopsychotherapy integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 12(2), 154-189.Greenberg, L. S., & Bolger, E. (2001). An emotion-focused approach to the overregulation ofemotion and emotional pain. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 197-211.Greenberg, L. S., Rice, L. N., & Elliott, R. K. (1996). Facilitating emotional change: Themoment-by-moment process. New York: Guilford.Gross, J., & John, O. (1995). Facets of emotional expressivity: Three self-report factors andtheir correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 555-568.Gross, J., & John, O. (1998). Mapping the domain of expressivity: Multimethod evidence fora hierarchical model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 170-191.Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1972). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -Saarbrücken. Bern, Switzerland: Huber.Hautzinger, M., & Bailer, M. (1993). ADS. Allgemeine Depressions Skala [ADS. Generaldepression scale]. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz.Höger, D. (1995). Deutsche Adaption und erste Validierung des Feeling, Reactions andBeliefs Survey (FRBS) von Desmond S. Cartwright [German adaptation and preliminaryvalidation of the Feeling, Reactions and Beliefs Survey (FRBS) from Desmond S.Cartwright]. In J. Eckert (Ed.), Forschung zur Klientenzentrierten Psychotherapie. AktuelleAnsätze und Ergebnisse (pp.167-183). Köln, Germany: GwG-Verlag.Horowitz, L. M., Strauss, B., & Kordy, H. (1994). IIP-D. Inventar zur Erfassung interpersonalerProbleme - Deutsche Version [Inventory of interpersonal problems - German version].Weinheim, Germany: Beltz.Hoyer, J. (1996). Incongruence and social cognition. In U. Esser, H. Pabst, & G. W. Speierer(Eds.), The power of the person-centered approach. New challenges, perspectives, answers(pp. 3-21). Köln, Germany: GwG-Verlag.Knapp, R. R., Shostrom, E. L., & Knapp, L. (1977). Assessment of the actualizing person. InP. McReynolds (Ed.), Advances in psychological assessment (Vol. 4, pp. 103-140). SanFrancisco: Jossey-Bass.Kring, L. A., Smith, D. A., & Neale, J. M. (1994). Individual differences in dispositionalexpressiveness: development and validation of the Emotional Expressivity Scale. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology. 5, 934-949.Kupfer, J., Brosig, B., & Braehler, E. (2001). TAS-26. Toronto Alexithymie-Skala-26. DeutscheVersion [Toronto alexithymia scale]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.Lambie, J., & Marcel, A. (2002). Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: Atheoretical framework. Psychological Review, 109(2), 219-259.Lane, R. D., Quinlan, D. M., Schwartz, G. E., Walker, P. A., & Zeitlin, S. B. (1990). The levelof emotional awareness scale: A cognitive-development measure of emotion. Journal ofPersonality Assessment, 55, 124-134.Laux, L., Glanzmann, P., Schaffner, P., & Spielberger, C. (1981). Das State-TraitAngstinventar[The state trait anxiety inventory]. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz.Lischetzke, T., Eid, M., Wittig, F., & Trierweiler, L. (2001). Die Wahrnehmung eigener undfremder Gefühle [Perceiving the feelings of oneself and others]. Diagnostica, 47(4), 167-177.Lovett, B. J., & Sheffield, R. A. (2007). Affective empathy deficits in aggressive children andadolescents: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 1-13.Mayer, J. D., & Gaschke, Y. N. (1988). The experience and meta-experience of mood.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 102-111.Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional Intelligence meets traditionalstandards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27(4), 267-298.Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. (2002a). The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso EmotionalIntelligence Test (MSCEIT), Version 2.0. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. (2002b). MSCEIT technical manual. Toronto,Canada: Multi-Health Systems.Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, andimplications. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 197-215.Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2008). Emotional intelligence: New ability oreclectic traits? American Psychologist, 63(6), 503-517.Merz, J. (1986). SAF: Fragebogen zur Messung von dispositioneller Selbstaufmerksamkeit[SAF: Questionaire for assessment of dispositional self-consciousness]. Diagnostica, 32,142-152.Otto, J. H., Döring-Seipel, E., Grebe, M., & Lantermann, E. D. (2001). Entwicklung einesFragebogens zur Erfassung der wahrgenommenen emotionalen Intelligenz[Development of a questionaire for perceived emotional intelligence]. Diagnostica, 47(4),178-187.Riggio, R. E. (1986). Assessment of basic social skills. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 51, 649-660.Ritz, T., & Kannapin, O. (2000). Zur Konstruktvalidität einer deutschen Fassung derToronto Alexithymia Scale [Construct validity of a German version of the Torontoalexithymia scale]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 21(1), 49-64.Robinson, M., & Clore, G. (2002). Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model ofemotional self-report. Psychological Bulletin 128(6), 934-960.Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-Centered Therapy. London: Constable.Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personalitychange. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95-103.Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships, asdeveloped in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: The Study of aScience, Vol. 3 Formulations of the Person and the Social Context (pp. 184-256). New York:McGraw-Hill.Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Rogers, C. R. (1963). The concept of the fully functioning person. Psychotherapy: Theory,Research and Practice, 1, 17-26.Rost, D. H., & Schermer, F. J. (1986). Strategien der Prüfungsangstverarbeitung [Strategiesto process text anxiety]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 7, 127-139.Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition andPersonality, 9, 185-211.Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S., Turvey C, & Palfai, T. (1995). Emotional attention,clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the trait meta-mood scale. In J.W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure and health (pp. 125-154). Washington, D.C.:American Psychological Association.Shostrom, E. L., Knapp, R. R., & Knapp, L. (1976). Validation of the personal orientationdimensions: An inventory for the dimensions of actualizing. Educational-andPsychological-Measurement,36, 491-494.Speierer, G. W. (1998). Psychopathology according to the differential incongruence model.In L. Greenberg, J. Watson, & G. Lietaer (Eds.), Handbook of experiential psychotherapy(pp. 410-427). New York: The Guilford Press.Stanton, A. L., Kirk, S. B., Cameron, C. L., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2000). Coping throughemotional approach: Scale construction and validation. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 74, 1078-1092.Tausch, R., & Tausch, A. (1990). Gesprächspsychotherapie (9. Auflage) [Person-centeredpsychotherapy]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe. Taylor, G. J., Ryan, D., & Bagby, R. M. (1986). Toward the development of a new self-reportalexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44, 191-199.Teusch, L., Boehme, H., Finke, J., & Gastpar, M. (2001). Effects of client-centeredpsychotherapy for personality disorders alone and in combination with psychopharmacologicaltreatment. An empirical follow-up study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,70, 328-336.Watson, C. J., & Lilova, S. (2009). Testing the reliability and validity of the scales forexperiencing Emotion with a Canadian sample. Person-Centered and ExperientialPsychotherapies, 8(3), 189-207.